Tuesday, February 18, 2020

MARK GIGIERA & JOSEPHINE FOLWELL-AFTER THEY MET. By Josephine Ellis (nee Folwell) 2008

THE CONTINUED LIFE STORY OF 
MARK GIGIERA (Gilbert) AND JOSEPHINE FOLWELL - 
AFTER THEY MET:

Written by Jo Ellis (Gilbert, nee Folwell) 2008
with edits from me - Kath Harpley 2019
29 September 1949

On his release from the Polish 11 Corps, Mark was offered a place on a rehabilitation program. There was a choice of training in clock making, photography and shoe making. He chose shoe making and leather work, and was sent to Glasgow where he had a small flat and a neighbour who practised the bagpipes. He never liked them (comment: and now we know why!). He was comparatively well off, probably for the first time in his life, and seems to have enjoyed Glasgow. The course was for Poles and he was given a Polish award when he finished the course. He had by this time been demobbed from the army, and had a suit of grey pin stripes, and a BOW TIE!! When I first met him at a dance, he was wearing this. He must have grown a bit in the meantime, as it was a bit short and tight.

Mark travelled down to Northampton for a job interview. He was qualified to design, make patterns, and make a shoe entirely from scratch. The firm, he went to were impressed, and were eager to employ him, as all their skilled men were still in the forces. However, the Union said 'No', that jobs must be held for returning forces, which was fair, but hard on Mark.

Memories: Some of us will remember the quite remarkable slippers that he made in his retirement with an Axminster carpet lining and sheepskin outer and soled in hard leather and which Jim inherited when he died. Jim wore them out.
Home made shoes from car tyres.
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Mark recalled making shoes, when he was in Poland, and in poverty,  from car tyres. He saved these for winter when the weather would be very cold. Whilst in the Luboml museum in 2019 we saw a pair of shoes like those Mark would have made for himself. Clearly it was common for people without shoes to make these.The lack of shoes in his early life and the necessity to make some might have reflected in his choice of occupation as a shoe maker. I recall he always liked nice leather shoes.

Historical information: It was normal practice during the war to leave jobs open for the returning soldiers. During the war when men were away the women and those left behind filled the gaps, working in factories and farms and doing what needed to be done at home. They got used to going to work and earning money. There were then the immigrant soldiers like Mark who also required jobs and then there were those left of the returning men who would all need work and who expected to return to their pre-war occupations. There must have been competition for the good jobs. However, add into the equation, the damage done by war and bombing and the amount of rebuilding that needed doing and you have a recipe for full employment which was achieved after the war.

Freeman Hardy & Willis.
 Leicester.
Mark eventually got a job in Leicester as a clicker, cutting out shoe uppers with Freeman Hardy & Willis. This was still done by hand, by laying the pattern on the hide, avoiding thin or damaged parts  and cutting out with special knives. He found this boring, and only worked enough to get by, as he had a war pension. He had been doing this for a year or so when I met him at a dance, just before my father died (early 1949), although they never met. He was brash and full of stories of a world I had no idea of. He was charming and full of ambition, but no real incentive.  He kept telling me that previous girl friends thought he was very good looking. There's no doubt he was very strong despite his disabilities. He had a wonderful head of hair; beautifully curly which I was quite envious of. He was totally tone deaf, which was surprising as all Ukrainians and Poles seem able and willing to sing.
(Kath writes: That'll be the vodka in them!! LOL. In his defence, neither could mum sing and its safe to say that all 5 of us offspring have inherited this disability as Jim (my husband), who has suffered my Elvis impressions will lay testament to.)

After we married 29 September 1949, we lived with my mother (Mary Folwell – nee Thompson) and I carried on working (hospital telephonist). At this time Mark worked more happily saying he was saving his war pension to buy a house to let off. My mother lent him the money for a deposit for the first house we had, early in 1950. We furnished it from auctions and let five rooms off, to Ukrainian, Poles and Latvians. It worked well. They were happy to be there and mostly stayed until they bought their own houses. Mother lent us a further sum of money to buy another house. We bought it at the time Alex was born-April 1950 (yes there was a bit of bonky bonky before marriage, shameful at that time!), and I said I wanted to live in it. Mark said it was silly to do this as we could let another room off, but I was adamant. So we went. We bought new furniture for ourselves, and the bedroom suite still survives (Not anymore!!). It cost about £100. We let this house off in the same way, but after a couple of years, people were buying their own houses, so we ran a bed and breakfast boarding house, although many of the people were not so nice.

During this time: November 1951, Mark hands his notice in with Freeman, Hardy & Willis, stating a health issue as the reason for leaving. See the response dated 26/11/1951 from Freeman, Hardy & Willis Ltd.


  

Boris was born in June 1952.

Where we lived, we had public gardens across the road, town within walking distance, but it was a red light district at that time. We sold the first house, and paid mother, and then Mark wanted to leave Leicester. He went to Northampton, Derby and Coventry to look at properties, but it was Nottingham that won. We moved to Nottingham on 26th April 1954 (her birthday age 24!).

Mother bought Princess Road from us, selling Upperton Road. She, with the help of Mark converted it into 3 flats, which bought her an income to supplement her pension. She became friendly with one of her tenants, Mr Pitt, who was a widower with an adult son who had been shell shocked during the war, and was mentally unstable. This problem was too much for Mr Pitt to bear, and he committed suicide. Mother was terribly upset, but she got over it and soldiered on. Friends who had known her when Dad was alive, dropped off which upset her and we weren't a lot of help.

Mark bought a house on Colwick Road. We did it up and sold it in October, and moved to Charlbury Road at Radford. That was a pre war semi which was OK. Mark worked at a wood yard for a time, but it didn't last. We moved a year later to Lenton Boulevard where we stayed 5 years. We decorated the house and divided it into 2 flats, and we had the upstairs flat. Alex went to school and eventually so did Boris. Mark had a job down in the meadows that he cycled to. He didn't like it much, (a pattern establishing itself here) but he stuck to it. Mother died-18/3/1958 whist we lived here, and I was ill, and had to have an operation on my chest (one lung removed, so a serious operation). Alex and Boris went to live in Nazareth House whilst I was in hospital. It was all very traumatic.

I then became pregnant, and had the twins, Antonia and Katherine, April 1959 (at last, 2 adorable little girls), at which point, we needed more room. We moved to Mapperley Park in September or October that year.

1959 at Thorncliffe Road, Mapperley Park
Boris, Mark with Antonia, Jo with Katherine and Alex.

My health improved, and we gradually did up the house. Mark had started up in business on his own at Lenton, as a painter and decorator, at first on a bike, and then with an old Trojan van. Next a Bedford Dormobile. He worked hard (as did Jo with a blooming family) but the family did not see much of the money. Life was quite hard with four children and no heating.

Kath writes: Regarding the money and in Mark's defence and in retrospect, they started with no funds of their own, in a red light district, sharing the house with others, then moving several times, bettering their standards as they went, and eventually moving into a nicer house and business that supported a growing family in relative comfort for the time period and so we assume the money was saved for bigger and better things. Not bad achievements just after WW2 and especially for a man who arrived here with nothing – hats off to them both and big appreciation for all their hard work.

Groceries were delivered, but I walked a lot to town. The boys did not get the amount of attention they should have done, but there were not enough hours in the day. We took the family out at weekends a lot to Clumber Park and Derbyshire which we all enjoyed (The picnics were legendary). Then Andrew came along August 1962, and Mark fell off a roof in the beginning of winter 1962 (beginning to sound like the cat with 9 lives). Although he was insured, there was no way he would be able to do anything like that again.

We looked around for a business when he recovered.

Eventually he (note the 'he' and not 'we' – a sign of the times and who held the purse strings) bought the hardware shop at Lowdham and moved in September 1964 (at which time Alex, the eldest would be 14 and Andrew the youngest 2). Mark fitted the shop out with mahogany timber bought at Dunkirk for about 10 bob or (50p a board).  It was extremely hard work running the shop with no experience, and looking after 5 children. We lived on the premises. There was a big yard in the back and outbuildings.

Hardware shop at Lowddham
It was hard. Sometimes I had someone in to clean, but when the girls were deemed old enough, 8 or 9, they were expected to do some cleaning after school. Despite this, I enjoyed the years at Lowdham. The children were growing up. Andrew used to come home from school and make a gurgling, screeching noise that made customers in the shop jump. It was him just letting off steam after a day in the classroom. When Mark got tired of the shop (at this point he had health issues, angina) after some 7-8 years at Lowdham we moved again to Mapperley (South Devon Avenue) and that is where things fell apart.

Kath writes: (The Lowdham years were happy years for us children, where we grew up in lovely countryside and had freedom to go out and roam. We were members of cubs and brownies and I got to ride lovely big hunting horses (at a time when hunting was deemed an acceptable sport) at Hagg Farm, Gonalstone and later, racing horses in Lambley).

Alex left school while we were still at Lowdham, and went as an apprentice to Raleigh (One of the big industries in Nottingham – bike manufacturer). Boris, after a tormented school life, and a couple of false starts, went into the RAF which he enjoyed. It seemed that as soon as the children were 17 or 18, Mark wanted them out. He made life difficult for them and was very restrictive.

Kath writes: He was very restrictive, which is a difficult one to get our heads around, given the way in which he learned about the world, you would have expected him to be more liberal and not lessBut then, mum got pregnant before marriage so maybe it was 'do as I say and not do as I do'.

Mark's and my relationship was tense and he was  critical of me.  I was not businesslike enough, I was not smart enough, etc, etc. Money was always short. Even when things got better, I never had enough money to feed adequately a growing family, and he certainly didn't believe in spending money on children's clothes and toys. It was a constant struggle to make ends meet.
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Kath writes: This is a man who had little if anything when growing up and so to him our lives were luxurious.  However, compared to others around us it was a frugal existence, but comfortable. It comes over that mum writes this with a heavy heart towards the end and I can see her struggle. When she later got a part time job at Jessops-now John Lewis, after we moved to Mapperley, and had her own money and her own friends, life became better for her. I can't say enough, how much she was appreciated. Both mum and dad had had difficult lives. In mum's case, coming through the war, losing her father when she was 19, getting pregnant, probably on the backlash and upset of losing her father and having to marry. Health issues where she lost a lung and bringing up 5 children on a very tight budget whilst running a business.

In dads case, a traumatic early life, as a child, losing his mother, when he was just 7 or 8 followed the next year by the death of his grandfather, running away from his uncle's and  what potentially could have been a safe home and then living rough for some of the time, although we know Zot Gigiera his mothers husband took him in later on. Being deported to Siberia to a forestry goulag work camp at the age of 17, then escaping and as an escapee and refugee travelling with only the clothes he stood up in and nothing else, across thousands of miles and several countries to join the Polish Army and fight in Italy where he received many wounds, some of them severe. Then to come to the UK, as part of the British Army to recover. Still a young man, he got my mother pregnant and his life was then mapped out for him. I suppose there are 2 takes on this. Yes, he was then tied into a relationship and providing for a family but on the other hand, he had a lovely intelligent, committed and hard working wife from a reasonably well off family and maybe he had at last achieved stability and people to love and to love him and he could stop jumping on trains.

One wonders if my mother and father ever truly, really deeply loved each other or if, having got pregnant, they just went through the motions (making your bed and lying in it as the old saying goes). They gritted their teeth as they had done all their lives, simply got on with it, although it has to be said, they both look extremely happy on their wedding pictures.  In my mothers case, worn  down by the thanklessness and hardships of bringing a large family up, I know that she found true happiness when she remarried Bob Ellis when we were in our teens. As I have previously stated this was one amazing women with so many hobbies and interests and she was the one holding it all together, keeping us all well fed on a tight budget and clothed in knitted jumpers and home made clothes, whilst dad was of course perceived as the main bread winner and the one holding the purse strings. Mum talks scathingly of this, but really we had everything we needed, even if we didn't have everything we would have liked to have, and to put it into context, we were born just a few years after the end of WW2 when the country was rebuilding itself. Yes times were hard, and sometimes emotionally difficult but both dad and mum did everything with the best of intentions. They both gave us one precious thing and that was their time. We had some amazing days out as children and they taught us practical skills to carry us through life.

Having gone through the traumas in my fathers life one wonders how he survived. Apart from the very early years with his mother and grand father, everything seems to have been absolutely horrific and traumatic up until the time he arrived in England. To have survived all that (as many people from his part of the world did) it is absolutely humbling and puts into perspective our lives today, I write this on behalf of us all; No matter how bad things get, what health, money, family or job issues we may have, what unhappiness or distress we sometimes have to endure, none of this remotely compares to the horrific awfulness of my father's and his fellow compatriot's lives, from becoming an orphan to arriving in the UK and even then there were struggles and racism in the post war years. Maybe we should take a leaf out of Dad’s book and instead of today's customary whinging and whining about inconsequential things we should simply shut up, and to quote Dorothy McNulty (Dad's later lady friend) try and change things for the better and if that is not possible then get on with life and make the best of it as we can. We are all so fortunate to have been born when and where we were and to be living in a democracy.



This is the last picture taken of all the family together on Boris's 40th birthday party and just before Mark died in 1993.




________________________________________________________________

MARK GIGIERA (GILBERT) by Jo Ellis & Kath Harpley 2008


MARK GIGIERA (MARK GILBERT)
29th December 1923 - 25th December 1993
Mark Gigiera age 21.

April 1994 - Original text written by: Josephine Ellis (nee Folwell, Jo was married to Mark Gilbert). Jo writes Mark’s life story.

Additional text, written by Dorothy McNulty, Mark’s lady friend after his divorce from Jo. Dorothy adds many of the incidents and anecdotes within the life story.

November 2019 - Edited with additional text, a lot of it in italics by Katherine Harpley (nee Gilbert – daughter to Mark and Jo) I have tried to add some factual dates and history at the time, to my mother's and Dorothy’s account of my father and to add incidents and anecdotes retold from other family members and some thoughts and sentiment on the situations my father endured. Whenever my father told his stories, he would recount one incident at a time and for most of us it was difficult to get the bigger picture, so how lucky that my mother was able to get it from him and to write it down. We (Jim and myself) visited Nudyze, Zablocie, Luboml and Kovel and the surrounding villages in 2018 and again in 2019. We found Marks cousin Pawel, an old man of 85. Mark was a youngster when much of this happened and I believe he told the story of a youngster. The records and other people bring different perspectives and consequently, I have added to the story. We must all come to our own conclusions.
_______________________________________________________________
Mark was not certain of his actual date of birth and seems to have chosen 1st January when he joined the army.  His birthday was always celebrated on this day.

He must have remembered that his birthday was in winter as his birth records show it to be 29th December 1923 which makes him all but 2 days, a year younger than he thought he was.

This tells us that Zotik Gigera, (son of Dorofej Gigera) from Humencie and Iryna daughter of Jemieljan Rabyj have been registered as Mark's parents.  However, Zot was not Mark's blood father.

                                     Marks birth records, retrieved  from The State Archive department.

Family research: Mark was Christened just 2 days after his birth as Mark Gigera in the village church of Nudyze. This was a common practice to baptise early in case of an early death. His birth place is shown as Humence which is the village of the Gigera family, Zotik's home village. He was born in Eastern Poland. Due to border changes after WW2, this is now North-Western Ukraine, NW of Kovel and north of Luboml. His war records show Nudyze village (left yellow mark), parish Golowana, district Luboml, County Wolyn as his home village. Both villages are very close and close to the Polish border. He always said he was Ukrainian and Orthodox religion.

Mark's mother Iryna nee Rabyj b.3 May 1899 was married to his half brother's (Mietek - full name Mieczyslaw Gigiera) father-Zotik Gigiera b.1896. 
Note.  The name Gigiera comes up with different spellings due to illiteracy at the time and priests writing it down as they thought it should be spelt when registering births, deaths and marriages. The most common variations are Gigera, Gigiera, Higera, Higiera 


Nudyze-pronounced Nu-dee-sia
Luboml – pronounced Lu-bom-ul
Humence – pronounced Who-men-cie

Luboml is about 5 miles on the road heading south out of  Nudyze.
Mark lived with his mother where the lower orange spot is in the hamlet of  Zablocie. Family still live there today.
and the local Mill  was at the higher orange spot. 
The local church where Mark was christened is at Nudyze
The Gigiera family come from Humence

Map of Ukraine.  North West  yellow markers -  bottom=Luboml, top=Nudyze
Our family in Zablocie are about 10-15 miles from the Polish border.
At the time Mietek and Mark were born (early 1920's) this area was in Poland.
The borders changed, post WW2  in 1945 in Ukraine's favour, with Poland losing much land.




























Family research: A recent discovery is that Zotik and Iryna Gigiera registered a third son called Gieorgji, b12 Apr 1929. At this point in time, we do not know if this child survived infancy or what happened to him. Neither Mietek or Mark ever mentioned their other brother. This is an inconsistency to the story as both Mietek and Mark lead us to believe that Iryna left her husband around the time that the illegitimate Mark was born in 1923. Iryna died 2 years after the birth of her third child-Gieorgij  in 1931, aged just 30, in Nudyze which was her home village and not the Gigiera family village. It begs the question as to who was the real father of this third child as we know that Zot remarried Elena Parkhomuk and their first child was born in 1925.  Could the true father of Gieorgij be the same man who fathered Mark?
Birth record of Mark & Mietek's brother- Gieorgij  Hehera  in 1929.  Again, it shows Zotik as his father.


Several things to point out here:

1. Both Mark and Mietek maintained that they had different fathers although they both show Zotik Gigiera to be their father on their war records and in Mark's birth records. DNA tests of Juan Gigiera (Mietek’s son) and Andrew Gilbert (Mark’s son) show Juan and Andrew coming from different paternal linage so this is proven. So far we have not retrieved Mietek's birth records as they are stored in the Polish archives and not available until 2021. Mark said that his true last name could get him into trouble and he feared the KGB even though he was living securely in England. By this, I can only assume he means the surname of his blood father. We have to remember that terrible things happened to the people where he lived in the war years and even before then. Being sent to Siberian labour camps on trumped up charges was the norm. Family in Nudyze tell us that it was really like that, you could literally be picked up and sent to Siberia.
2. Mietek's grand daughter Giselle tells us that Mietek believed his father Zotik Gigiera, was a Russian soldier/Cossack.
3. Giselle also tells me that Mietek suffered greatly as a child because of his mothers infidelity. In his words: “His mother went off with Mark's father”. Mietek also suffered from the war with post traumatic stress and didn't like to talk of the war.


Both Mietek and Mark tell us that their mother, had an affair with a man (unknown name) who had bought a mill and land locally. He was reputed to be an Officer in one of the Czar's cavalry regiments and had moved west and bought this property  expecting to be safe. He and his wife had no children at this time. It seems that Mark was the product of this liaison, but his mother, a pretty women called Iryna seems to have broken with Marks father as Mark had no contact until much later. Iryna had left Mietek's father and went back to live with her father Jemieljan Rabyj b.18 Jul 1862 in Zablocie.

Historical research:  Tsar Nicholas II was executed in 1918 by the Bolsheviks.  People associated with him would have fled in fear of their own lives and possibly chose to live quietly as peasants in small remote villages to keep under the radar of those looking for them.

Family research: Iryna had 2 brothers (uncles to both Mietek and Mark):

Kuzma Rabyj was a cooper. He and his wife had a child that died in infancy. His wife also died and he had a second wife. At some point he adopted a child. This family moved out of the area and contact was lost. Kuzma is shown in the church records as being a man of god and he regularly gave money to the church. I don’t see anywhere else to go with this unless dna throws something up.

Pawel B1934 with his son Leonid on the family plot in Zablocie.
Pawel Rabyj was a farmer. We know from his son, also a Pawel (on picture on right, with his own son-Leonid), that this family lived in the hamlet of Zablocie, next to the village of Nudyze and that Pawel snr built his own house, which no longer exists and which was positioned near the blue house.  Pawel Jnr (the old man-right with walking stick) would have been about 5 when war broke out and when Mark was taken by the KGB. They would most likely have known each other but Pawell, being so young at the time cannot remember him.

The son built this wooden house which is a typical village house and is on the site of the former family home. I am sure they must use local wood as they are surrounded by forest. There are barns and sheds and a sizeable piece of land with the house on which they grow their own food.



This is the plot of land opposite the son's home. The house that Mark lived in with his mother Iryna and grandfather Jemiejan was positioned around where the large tree is and the family horse is kept on this land. We can see that the two Rabyj families were very close. The land in this area is very flat. 

Mark’s early memories were of his mother and grandfather, her father. It was a hard life in those times as the aftermath of the first world war went on until the early 1920's in Eastern Europe, and things were only beginning to settle when he was born. Before the war the family had been prosperous peasants with some land, they were comfortable. Grandpa had a horse, a very good horse which was used for everything, i.e. travel, ploughing and carting.

Information: Sept 2018:  The horses are still used by some farmers in agriculture and for transport with a cart although the family also have a tractor and of course people have cars.

Mark was fond of the family horse which he rode. One day the horse jumped a fence and impaled itself. It had to be put down. Mark said that was the beginning of their misfortune. Soon after the horse episode, Iryna died of TB – d.1 Mar 1931, aged 31, and Mark, aged just 7 was left with his grandfather who loved him. One of the uncles (we are not sure which one) came to take Mark, but the grandfather didn't want to let him go. Mark and his grandfather were comfortable together It is most probable that the uncle was concerned about the young boy with the 70 year old man and the reality is that they most probably lived across the road from each other or very close by.

It was only just before Iryna died, the farming system changed. Iryna owned strips in the open field system and was entitled to portions of land at the share out, but she had been too ill to look after this land. When she died, what she owned was divided between Mietek and Mark.


Family research: It is most probable that it was his uncle Pawel, the farmer who looked after this land when Iryna died. Mietek was with his own father-(Zotik Gigiera) in the nearby village of Zapillya. Mark was very unhappy at this time, he had just lost his mother and would prefer to live with his grandfather who he had a cozy relationship with. Uncle Pawel and Aunty Julita were also having a tough time as Pawel had lost his sister and consequently may have had more land to look after, as well as his sisters child. He had  a 2 year old son who died 2 months after Iryna of measles, Julita became pregnant again and his own father, Marks grandfather who was probably not well enough to look after himself then died 11 Oct 1932. Mark was being asked to do chores, some of which were beyond his capability. We can see that they needed everyone to help with the work load.

Mark tells us that he was in an unhappy place having lost the two people he loved most and the family horse and he eventually drifted away and lived rough, sleeping in the woods, and doing odd jobs for food and clothes. He could ride well, and as he got older, local youngsters looked up to him.

Historical research: Volhynia – like a county, in which Mark’s village and the town of Luboml lies, suffered a great deal during and after WW1. The number of orphans in the community came to almost 12,000 of whom 7,000 were direct victims of the war. The great majority of them roamed in the forest and fields and hid in cellars. Luboml, the nearest town to Nudyze had more than 300 orphans. Funds were set up by the Jew’s to help their orphans, but it was still the norm for them to roam free and to fend for themselves. Mark was an orphan during this time and he talked of roaming in the woods and fending for himself. Whilst a horrific situation, we can see that this was the norm and he may have had friends in similar situations. 

 Luboml’s population was 60% Jewish . They lived in the center of the town and the gentiles lived like a belt surrounding the town with the peasants in the villages. 

Apart from a few happy young years for Mark and Mietek, during the interbellum period, the time between the two world wars, their country was perhaps the worse place in the world to be living at that point in history. Famine and wars and skirmishes between the various factions was common. Both Russia and Germany wanted Poland and they both invaded and treated the population as sub human. Whilst in England and in other places, WW2 was getting going, what we went through does in no way compare to the desperate and tragic horrors that were occurring in Poland.

Mark tells a very sad story and I am sure he must have been very distressed after so many losses in his young life. They are small, remote villages where he lived, today-still accessed by unmade roads and as a youngster he cannot have travelled very far from where he lived. Everyone seems to know each other. I would like to think that he was not left totally to his own devices and that he got help from family and the local people who knew him.

Julita and Pawel (Iryna's brother)
Family research: Mark and Mietek’s Uncle Pawel the farmer and Aunty Julita who lived on the family plot in Zablocie and opposite Iryna, her father and Mark. Pawel and Julita possibly looked after Mark after his mother's death. Their own first child, 2 year old son Kliment (brother of the old man Pawel with walking stick above) died just 2 months after Iryna of measles and Julita became pregnant again shortly after. 




Ivan on left with Pawel-Mark's cousin on right.
Family research: Sept 1939 Germany invaded Poland. Mark would have been 16 by this time. Mark thought his father was killed by the Russians. When we were in Kovel in 2018 and again in 2019, we visited an old man of about 90-Ivan who is the son of a local mill owner-Josef Dudek. The son would have been born after Mark. As a young man Josef was in the Army (Conscription at the age of 18 for 3 years or more means they all were and very often they were sent to the furthest reaches of eastern Russia meaning there was little chance of getting home during this time). Josef worked in East Russia/Siberia on border control. Then he was a Cooper before building the mill. He started building the large mill in 1925 and started milling in 1928. The mill no longer exists although it is marked on the map above-orange blob. Josef lived a long life, so I acknowledge the discrepancy, but I question my fathers memory as we have proven other things to be incorrect! The old man Ivan who was telling the story was coherent and quite positive with his answers. If this mill owner was Marks father then here I was with my fathers half brother or my uncle.  Note: the name Dudek (Zophia) which pops up on both Mietek's and Marks war records.  I do not know if there is any connection to this Dudek family-to research. We do not know who Zophia Dudek was, a mystery yet to be solved!

Mark met his father by chance, when he was 13 or 14. He didn't know who he was, but his father knew him. They met several times, but one day, his father asked him to call at the house, which he did. He saw the lady of the house, a rather disapproving lady (probably with good cause. Here was her husbands love child!). He was shown into a study, where there were pictures of military gentlemen. His father asked Mark if he would like to go away to school. He said 'No', only thinking that he was being got rid of, and not seeing the opportunity (in hindsight, he probably took the right option as he survived the war!) It was just a few years after this that war broke out in 1939.

The Germans arrived first in Luboml but stayed for only three days. It was then the Russians who invaded Mark's part of Poland and occupied Luboml in September 1939. They were friendly, and asked if he was interested in going to Russia for training. He went. He had no idea what was happening, but with hindsight, thought he was being recruited for the NKVD later the KGB. After a short time, Mark asked to go home. The NKVD said 'No'. He went anyway. When he got there, there was no one he knew left, except Mietek's father-Zotik Gigiera, who was kind to him. Mietek was not there.

Luboml WW2
Luboml WW2


Tanks arriving in Luboml

Historical research: One person who stayed in another nearby town recalls: The arrival of tanks and the shouts of 'liberation' after a brief visit by the Germans, masked a more sinister turn of events. Local administrators and dignitaries were subject to beatings. The dawn of 'sovietization' had a more chilling effect, e.g. the local teacher replaced by a Russian and the introduction of Russian as the official language, propaganda and the reinforcing of the 'Soviet might'.

The terror of Stalin would still be fresh in the minds of people following Poland’s neighbours experience of the Ukrainian Holodormor of 1932/33 where people were deliberately starved. Survival was a moral as well as a physical struggle. The good people died first. Those who refused to steal or to prostitute themselves died. Those who gave food to others died. Those who refused to eat corpses died. Those who refused to kill their fellow man died. Parents who resisted cannibalism died before their children did. *1

Historical research: A knowledgeable relation (My second cousin’s-Anastasia’s husband-Vasily) in Kovel in 2019 told me that the Russians were disliked by the Ukrainians and Poles. The Russian soldiers behaved like bandits. They went into the forest during the day and at night they would return to the villages and steal from the locals, taking anything they could find. Whereas the Germans, who followed again later, were viewed more favourably. They would borrow tools and return them and they would buy from the villages but they would always leave enough food for the family. Its my guess that the Jews in the town would say the opposite. Their story is well documented. Luboml was a 60% Jewish town. To put is succinctly they were rounded up by the Germans with the help of Ukrainian Police and moved into several streets in Luboml, the ghetto area. It was very overcrowded and very unpleasant. They were then marched to near the brick yard on the edge of town where they had previously dug three big pits and were mass executed. They were part of the mass execution of the Jews by Hitler in the Holocaust This was not a good period in history for this border town. There are no Jews in Luboml today.
Jewish Synagogue in Luboml

Luboml was an important town prior to WW2. There was a very large and impressive Jewish Synagogue. This was flattened by the Russians. They would take gravestones and rubble for building roads.

Much of the land within the town, and
Luboml. The square where fairs and markets were held.
gardens, orchards and forest was owned by the rich and noble Kampyoni 
 family. They fled the area during the Soviet occupation but returned after the German invasion and took their holdings back. The market square held fairs and markets where it is most probably our relatives would have gone to on their horse and cart to sell their farm produce. There is still a traditional market in Luboml today where the farmers go to sell produce.

Mark stayed in the Zablocie area for a short time. I have evidence from the State Archive of Volyn Region in Lutsk that Mark stayed with Zot Gigiera at this time and that he made a bid to escape the NKVD by attempting to cross the state border between USSR and Germany. This would have been the border between the Russian controlled area of Poland in which he lived, crossing to the German controlled area of Poland.  So he was attempting to escape from the NKVD who had sent him to Russia.  He was arrested by the  Luboml Regional Department of the NKVD on 20 June 1940.


Letter from Volyn Regional State Administration, State Archive of Volyn Region in Lutsk 


We can see that the illegitimate son Marco was living with Zot and his family prior to be arrested on  20 June 1940. This also evidences who Zot's family were.

Mark is also recorded in this book:
"ГИГЕР (ГІГЕР, ГІЗЕР) Марко Зотович,
1923 р. н., с. Нудиже Головнянського (теп.
Любомльського) р-ну, мешк. у с. Запілля
Любомльського р-ну, українець, із селян,
без певн. роду занять, п/парт. Заарешт.
20.06.1940 р. Звинувач. у поруш. держ.
кордону. ОН НКВС СРСР 29.11.1940 р. засудж.
за ст. 80 КК УРСР на 5 р. ВТТ. Покарання
відбував у Онезькому ВТТ. Амністований
02.10.1941 р. як пол. громадянин. Реа­білітований 20.12.1989 р. прокуратурою Волин.
обл. (Держархів Волинської обл., ф. 4666,
оп. 2, спр. 3038; Архів УСБ України у Волинській обл., ф. п., спр. 3836; о. ф., спр. 22799)."

 
This translates as:

"GIGER (GIGER, GIZER) Marko Zotovich,
1923, s. Nudizhe Golovnyansky (Lyubomlsky) district, 
inhabitant in the village of Lyuboml district, 
Ukrainian, from the peasants,
without definite kind of occupation,  
Arrest.June 20, 1940. The accuser. in violation. state
border. ON NKVD of the USSR 29.11.1940, convicted.
for st. 80 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR 
for 5 years of VTT. Punishment
served in the Onega VTT. 
Amnestied October 2, 1941 as a floor. citizen. 
Rehabilitated on December 20, 1989 by the Volyn Prosecutor's 
Office.
reg. (State Archives of Volyn region, f. 4666,
op. 2, file no. 3038; 
Archive of the USB of Ukraine in the Volyn region, f. n., 
file no. 3836; at. f., file no. 22799). "


Mark was sent to the Kharkov prison (north east Ukraine). His descriptions and stories of life in the enormous Kharkov prison always conjured up a picture of pervading greyness and of men dragging themselves through a life of sickening dull routine and deprivation. The prison was overcrowded , with many men to a cell and only the floor to sleep on. Blankets were only a distant luxury. At night the men lay down on the floor, packed so tightly that movement was nearly impossible. They would remain still until someone felt an irresistible urge to turn over. In complete silence and without any complaint or sign of irritation every single one of them, like automata, would sit-up, turn over and settle down again. In answer to the question, “How could you bear such overcrowding?”, Mark would say “It was the Russian winter and the warmth of our bodies was the only heat we had. Without it, we would have suffered even more intense cold”. From time to time the numbers dropped as some men were removed to be transported elsewhere. At these times, they looked forward eagerly to the arrival of the new inmates who would surely arrive to build up the numbers again and make the place warmer. There was a surprising tolerance in these circumstances, fights and quarrels were virtually unheard of. At the same time, there were all sorts of gangsters who gambled with anything, even cutting off fingers when they lost. Mark met a man in Nottingham once who had been in this prison at the same time, and remembered certain instances.

In common with many of his compatriots, Mark loved the game of chess. During his time in Kharkov Prison he and some friends found that if they chewed bread to a paste, they could model tiny chessmen which if left to harden, were quite usable. Once the set was compete, all they had to do was to scratch the board on the floor and they had a great luxury that would bring much pleasure into their bleak lives. It must have seemed very unfair that their guards should have the vindictiveness to reward their ingenuity by confiscating the pathetic little chessmen and scraping out the board with their boots. Yet this is what they did.

There was a summary trial (Nov 1940, he was just 17). It was there that Mark received his sentence of a term of hard labour (It was  5 years) followed by exile for life. He never saw his judges, nor any court of law and was never given a chance to answer the charge that he was an enemy of the Russian people, which he  was not! He was sentenced to a goal term in Onega gulag camp in NW, Siberia.  Eventually, they were transported from Kharkov to Onega, Siberia by slow train  in uncomfortable, overcrowded closed cattle wagons the journey taking several weeks, and many dying. By this time, the war was getting going. The necessities of life, never substantial, were extremely short, and Russia was fighting for her existence.

Historical research: The transport to Siberia would have been train cattle wagons. Often there was just a hole in the floor to be used as a toilet. Those on the outside would have had some air from any gaps in the carriage. Those on the inside would have been suffocating. There would have been no cleaning facilities and very little food or water and certainly no luxuries like blankets or beds. Some reports say there was up to 70 people in each wagon so no room to move about and the journey would take weeks.

A forestry goulag work camp
It was summer in Siberia when Mark was there.  Being in the Arctic Circle, there was 24 hour daylight, and midges and mosquitoes. This alone must have been a personal hell to deal with. The men were housed in barracks, and were fed meagre rations of bread and thin soup, according to how much they worked and accomplished. Those unable to work were taken away to die elsewhere. The work was cutting down trees in the forest.
Goulag sleeping barrack



Historical research: Stop here a moment and think about the awfulness of being taken from your home to prison, then transported in rough trucks for many weeks, being deposited in a huge forest for hard labour with very little food, poor living conditions, lice infested bedding, deteriorating health and certainly no comforts and definitely lots of discomforts and all because you were considered an enemy to the state even though you were just an ordinary person.

The Siberian Gulag-work camps were not invented by Stalin. They were also previously operated by the Tzars, where prisoners sentenced to “katorga labour” were sent to gulag prison camps with a harsh regime. The areas they were sent to were remote, vast uninhabited areas of Siberia where voluntary settlers and workers were never available in sufficient numbers. It was always hard labour and insufficient food. There are lots of pictures on the internet demonstrating the true horrors of starving people in tattered clothing.

During this war period under Stalin there are many figures banded about regarding the number of innocent people taken from eastern Poland and deported to the Goulag camps. One estimate says 1.45 million people of which 63.1% were Polish. The estimated number of deaths of deportees is about 350,000 so roughly 25% of those taken. 

Regarding Marks work in the forest. There were no chain saws, it was done with axes, and they were skillfull at bringing down trees exactly where needed. Work was seven days a week, and when once they were allowed a day off, it so upset the routine, it was difficult to get going again.

Life in the labour camps of the Siberian forests was hard. There was a fearful brutality born of a long history of denial of the rights and dignity of the individual. The Russians could have borrowed Dante’s gloomy message at the entrance to Hell, “Abandon hope, all ye who enter here”, because it was the unmistakable purpose that all who belonged should lose their will to oppose. Mark never forgot his own introduction. They were told that to attempt to escape was certain death because “...if we and the dogs don’t catch you, the bears will”. He also remembered the terrible day when he and his fellow prisoners were returning to their sleeping quarters after a hard day’s work. They filed past some benches on which lay a sickening sight. On looking closer, they realised they were looking at what was left of a small group of Latvians who had decided to make a bid for freedom. It need only be said that the dogs had taken them and the torn bodies were laid out as a warning to anyone thinking of escaping. This dreadful picture must have been in Mark’s mind when he made his own attempt.

At this time Mark suffered from a gum disorder caused by the poor diet (malnutrition caused many health issues as well as death) and was in danger of losing all his teeth. Fortunately for him there was a dentist serving a sentence in Siberia, who was able to treat him in a very basic way, by making him massage his gums alternately with hot and then cold water. It had the desired effect, and he didn't lose them. Many of the prisoners were much older men who had and hadn't committed offences. Mark was one of the youngest, and most of them were as kind to him as circumstances permitted. It was at this time he learned to read and write in Russian. He had never been to school, so this was quite a step. Again most of these people were still of a generation of mostly illiterate people, and consequently were story tellers, and they told each other stories. Mark did not understand why it was not also a part of our culture as of course, we only tell stories to children.

Even while his own life was overcast by the darkest shadows, Mark could still lift himself above the degrading emotion of self-pity and spare thoughts for the suffering of others. He spoke of an Indian prisoner whose situation must have been frightful. He wondered what an Indian could be doing in such a place but he never found out because the poor man could not speak a word of any of the languages spoken there and he made no attempt to communicate. He had simply retreated into his own private hell. Mark was deeply touched by this man’s suffering and although he tried to help, he found that he was unable to establish any kind of contact. The man was too withdrawn to make any response. The memory of this sad and lonely figure never left him.

Whilst working in the forest, he was working out a way to escape from Siberia.  An epic journey given how long it had taken to get there. It had to be foolproof, as failure meant being torn apart by the dogs. No animal sentiment here, it was all about survival. He had learnt that if the dogs attack, to wrap your jacket around your arm and give that arm to the snarling dog when it jumps up. Then slash its belly from underneath with the other arm. All very well if there is only one dog to fight off!

There was a river with a hollow under the bank and under tree roots. He had discovered it by accident whilst working. He took his chance, and disappeared whilst at work, knowing the others would cover for him as long as possible. He spent a couple of days hidden in the water, breathing through straws when the dogs or guards were searching. Eventually, he left the shelter and went as fast as he could. He came to a single track railway in the forest (he would have known of its existence as the timber was moved by train from the logging area to a mill), and followed it for a bit. A small goods train came along slowly. He hid. There was only an old man driving it. Shortly, the train came back with the same old man. This time he didn't hide. The train stopped, and the old man realized Mark had escaped. He said he too was a prisoner, and had been in Siberia for 20 years, and didn't ever expect to be free. But, he said you are young, get on the train, and I'll take you as far as possible, but at least you will be away from the area. As he had been a prisoner for so long, he was trusted, and took the cut trees to a mill somewhere in the forest. This suited him as he had a certain amount of freedom. Mark was grateful; the old man gave him as much advice about location as he was able and they parted.

Mark walked for days in the forest. Alone in the wild, he had to forage and fend for himself, sometimes with little success. He came across a very primitive village, where the inhabitants had not seen an outsider for many years. They didn't know about Stalin or the war. The language was old fashioned and difficult to understand. They sheltered Mark for a short time, gave him some food and on he went. He travelled roughly south and gradually came to the thinning out of the forest, and isolated habitations. He begged for food and shelter and was given whatever the impoverished people could spare. It was in this part of his life that he experienced the worst hunger. Prison and camp food was poor in quality and quantity but at least he was given something to eat, however meager. He had no idea where he was or what to do, so just wandered on.

Marks lady friend Dorothy recounts two amusing, if somewhat desperate episodes:
One spring day he found himself in the market place of a small town. It was obvious from the pitiful and paltry items for sale that the people were almost as poor as he was. Among the goods were miserable bunches of herbs, dried up vegetables, threadbare clothes and worn out shoes. Mark wondered what he could sell. Suddenly a brainwave struck him. He could sell his underpants!! He disappeared and very soon reappeared proffering his worn out merchandise. It seems unbelievable but they were snapped up. An old women, satisfied herself that the quality was good enough and went home pleased with her bargain. Mark was able to buy a small loaf of bread that would keep him going for another day or two.

Wandering cold and desperately hungry one moonlit  night, Mark heard the sound of a large animal moving about nearby. He stood still, wondering what it could be - a bear? wolf? large cat? Evan at the worst of times Mark always managed to have a weapon-cum-tool. This was his first priority. When he escaped he had equipped himself with a small wood-man’s axe from the tools used by the prisoners in their forestry work. This had been carefully hidden and jealously guarded until the time came to go. He prepared to defend himself now, but was surprised and relieved to see an old donkey plodding into view. His first love among animals was for the equine family and this love extended even to the humble donkey-but this was no time for sentimentality. All Mark could think about was juicy steak-this was food! He began to stalk the donkey which stopped, eyed him suspiciously and nimbly made a side-step as Mark approached. Mark tried again but once more the wise old donkey took evasive action-he was no fool. It must have been a delightful picture, the two of them performing a fantastic ballet in the moonlight. Mark didn’t say how long this went on but the upshot was that the donkey won and Mark had to go hungry. He may not have felt it at the time, but many years later on he had a sneaking admiration for the donkey. “He knew exactly what my intention was” he said.

Imagine this: he and many thousands of others would literally have been eating things that today we would consider not only distasteful but totally disgusting but that was the hard fact of survival. How lucky we are today, to be so choosy.

One day he was so very hungry. He found some onions and recalls eating them raw and crying. I am sure in later life, when he too had the luxury of a full plate every day, he would look at the humour in this very sad situation.

Mark came to a railway, and followed it to a small town. There were people waiting for a train, but no one knew if it would come today, tomorrow or next week. The train was going east and full of refugees fleeing the fighting. People were clinging all over the train. Mark got on and rode the roof for a while. He got off at a station and was told it would leave in 10 minutes, but it left without him. He travelled on so many trains (a nomadic pattern that was to repeat itself later), it is difficult to see quite where he went, but it seems to have been generally south with variations. I think he must have been in Moscow, only the station, because he recounts what an enormous palatial place this was. It was filled with refugees at night, all trying to sleep, but two or three times a night, cleaners came round and washed all the marble floors. There were gangsters stealing from the refugees. One young women stood with a bag between her legs. She put her arms up to fiddle with her hair, and her attention was on someone at a distance. A man came up stealthily behind her, and gently eased the bag from between her legs. There was a mesmerised audience who did absolutely nothing about it as they were scared of the man. At one point Mark was on a train of refugees, and curled up to sleep at the back of the luggage rack. When he woke up, the train was full of soldiers.

Historical research: June 1941, when Mark was aged 18, The German/Russian pact is broken as Germany invades Russia in Operation Barbarossa. Russia and Great Britain sign a new pact leading to the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance-1942. In effect Russia changes sides becoming an alley to the west. As part of the Pact/Treaty many Poles and others in the Siberian Gulag Camps were set free. This was called an 'amnesty' by the Russians who did not acknowledge that people had been imprisoned on trumped up charges. We do not know the time scale of Marks escape, but it is possible that these refugees were released prisoners from the Gulag Camps and it is also possible that Mark would have been released in any case, had he not escaped!. A controversial view is that if it were not for Hitler invading Russia the Polish deportees who were released (as not all of them were) would have died in the Goulag camps. I am sure the Jews think differently about the German invasion.

One refugee, released from a forestry goulag camp in the same area as Marks recalls: A move to camp 8 with all our belongings on a sled heralded the start of our journey south to the railway station at Plisieck. Prolonged malnutrition and freezing Siberian weather was taking its toll on deportees. The station looked more like a morgue. Scavenging for firewood or coal helped us to survive the long train trip. Organised cleaning duties ensured survival in the crowded boxcar. The journey remained hazardous when incidents could cause permanent separation.

Marks journey of escape from Siberia to joining the Polish army
The harsh winter came. Mark could always find something to eat, however small. There was an old Jewish man and his nephew, Lange was their name. They had been rich, but they were totally unable to fend for themselves. Mark helped them a bit. They found some sort of shelter, and Mark used to go foraging. The old man was ill. Mark said he was going further afield for a few days, which he did. When he returned, the old man was dead and buried. Someone suggested to Mark that he dig him up, as he had been buried in a good coat. Mark declined. We do not know what happened to the nephew.


At some point whilst Mark was in Russia he met his half brother Mietek. They were pleased to see each other. Eventually, they both went their own way.

There are a couple of slightly differing accounts of the meeting, but basically I believe it goes like this; Mark was refused entry onto a train. Mietek was on that train and recognized Mark's voice and he was allowed entry. Another version is that Mark recognized Mietek's voice. Either way it was a fortunate, chance encounter and they must have been over the moon to see each other alive. A jubilant moment in a terrifying journey of escape and miraculous given that Mark was coming from Arkangle in the north Siberia and Mietek was coming from East Siberia and they had each made an enormously epic journey to then arrive in the same place at a moment in time.

Mark was travelling south (along with everyone else) and came to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The two places Mark did remember by name were Samarkand and Tashkent. The people in the south had not been quite so badly affected by the war, although they were poor. They lived in the winter, mainly on dried apricots. Mark managed to beg some, and he made friends with a boy about his own age who had TB. He and his older brother helped Mark.

On another occasion, whilst on a train, everyone had dysentery which is spread by poor hygiene and sanitation and causes fever, intestinal cramps and painful and severe diarrhoea. Mark recalled how awful this was with people queuing to go to the toilet and as there was insufficient toilets also hanging off the train with the help of others to do ones business and then again joining the queue in preparation for the next incident. Certainly no dignity there and the smell must have been excruciating. However, these were a people used to having no privacy or dignity.

We also know that somewhere along the way, either as a child or on his journey of escape, he had TB from which he survived. Everyone was starving, both from lack of food and the cold, but Mark survived.

It is easy to be judgmental and I am sure when Mark recounted this next incident of which there may have been several or many such incidents in his life, he would shudder at the thought. He was approaching a railway line and saw a hut with a light on in the distance. He walked to this and had desperate hunger where survival depended upon getting food. So great was his desperation he thought he could kill in order to get food. He opened the door and the man inside smiled at him and then he shared his food and helped him get onto a train.

When the Poles were released from Siberia they set up recruiting stations, and all who enrolled for service, and their families were taken south to Persia (now Iran). Mark was in Uzbekistan when he heard. 12/4/1942 he reported to the Army Organization Centre in Kermine (Navoiy) Uzbekistan where he was declared Fit Cat "A" and  recruited into the Polish Army. He spoke Polish. The only test was to make the sign of the cross. If it was made in the Catholic way as against the Orthodox (the 2 religions are very similar) you were in. He was in even though he was Ukrainian and  Christened in the Nudyze Orthodox Church. 


Col Wladyslaw Anders
A true hero.
Historical Research:  In reality, the Polish army in the USSR recruited all those that had been sent from the Kresy area of Eastern Poland by Stalin's regime to Siberia and who had been released upon the Amnesty (or in Mark's case - escaped). This included the minority groups including the Ukraines and Jews who Stalin labelled as Russians wanting them to remain in Russia.  It was Col. Wladyslaw Anders, who himself had suffered prison and interrogation at the hands of Stalin, persistence, stating Stalin had previously agreed to  all those prior residents of the Kresy could join the army.  This enabled these minorities to leave Uzbekistan with the Polish Army upon the evacuation. There are many reasons why the Sybiraks (those sent to Siberia) should be                               grateful to  Col.Wladyslaw Anders . This is just one of them. 

Historical Research: Many men joined the Polish Army who held different nationalities and religions. They would lie, change inconvenient details and claim lost papers. They saw this as a way to escape the horrors they were in. To me, it sounds like 'out of chip pan and into the fire' but to them it was an act of desperation to get away from starvation and persecution and they were led to believe that this would help them in their quest to free Poland for their home coming after the war, which of course never happened.

According to Army records, Mark enlisted in the Polish Division of the British Army on 12th April 1942, and was discharged on 12th November 1947. He fought alongside the allies, under British command in the 2nd Polish Corps (fondly known as Anders Army), attached to the British 8th Army.
The earliest photo was taken at the time of his recruitment, and was in his army pay-book. (Picture on page 1, aged 21). Boris looked like him as a small boy.

Historical research: 17 Feb 1942, Stalin agreed to allow the Polish Army to move to Iran as part of the allied occupation force there. By April 1942 approximately 26000 Poles were organized into two Divisions in Uzbekistan under the command of Colonel Anders. Anders led an exodus of 112000 men, women and children. Unfortunately 4000 soldiers died in Russia whilst waiting for Stalin's permission. Another reason why the Sybiraks should be grateful to Col. Anders as he gave orders to pack the ships tightly with human cargo and get the women and children away as well as the army. He saved them from sure starvation and took them to freedom.

Soldiers and civilians crossing the Caspian Sea in overcrowded boats.


















The recruits and many escaping civilians were taken across the Caspian Sea to
Persia (now Iran). Mark was at Pahlevi for some time. 

The boats were filled to overflowing, standing room only on this long journey, in order to get as many people away as possible. The relief of leaving the Soviet Union and loss of oppression was great. Life in Persia was exotic compared to the recent past and many lives were saved by the provision of food and shelter.

15/8/1942- Mark's army records say; 'together with the Polish Army Units, evacuated to Iran, thereby came under British command'. The Polish 11 Corps was formed. It was made up of 2 divisions; The 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division and the 5th Kresowa Infantry Division under who's flag Mark fought in Italy. 80% of the Polish 11 Corps came from Poland's prewar Kresy or Eastern Borderlands.

Food was short, but better than in Russia. Training began. Being young, Mark soon recovered his health, but some of the older men struggled. He was selected for extra physical training and succeeded. August 1943?- they continued to be moved south, through Syria and Palestine. They were transported through Persia in huge army lorries through the mountain ranges where roads were highly unsuitable. Many trucks fell over the edges of gorges. The convoys never stopped, as the falls were so great it was presumed everyone was dead in the lorries. They stopped for short times in Syria and Palestine, where Mark went to Jerusalem which he enjoyed A group of Jews who were in the army planned to dessert in Palestine and asked Mark if he wanted to join them. It had become known that he was Ukrainian, and he was not too popular as prior to the war there had been hostilities between the nations. He declined their offer and soldiered on – literally.

Historical research: Whilst some Jews had joined the Polish army in order to escape Siberia and Eastern Europe and deserted once they arrived in Palestine, other Jews fearing what might be coming their way joined up in Palestine.

The Poles were very short of Officers as there had been mass executions of this class of people at the beginning of the war. They kept asking for volunteers to go for training. There were few suitable recruits.

Historical research: This shortage had been caused by the Russian massacre of Polish Officers known as the Katyn Massacre very early in the war. It was actually a series of mass executions of Polish Intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD in April and May 1940. It is named after the Katyn Forest, where some of the mass graves were first discovered. Mass grave sites in other forests were also found. Mark thought that his real father was shot by the Russians.  It is possible that he was massacred at Katyn or one of the other sites used by the Russians.

Eventually they moved to Egypt, and by this time were fit for active service. The invasion of Italy had started. February 1944 – Mark and his fellow compatriots was shipped across the Mediterranean to Italy. There would have been a convoy of very full ships. The shipping course lay close to the North Africa shore, avoiding German bombers based on Crete.


They landed at Taranto. Mark was in the south at Campobasso for a short time, where he had an Italian girlfriend. The family were farmers and made him welcome. Her father didn't like him wearing shorts which were army issue. The Italians in general, liked the Poles, as they shared their religion – Catholics.


Army pictures from the collection of Polish 11 Corps
held by the Sikorsky museum in  London.


Units established themselves in various camps. Training and preparation for fighting continued. They advanced north encountering increasingly difficult terrain; fast flowing rivers, intervening ridges providing ideal defence for the Germans. They continued along the coast towards Pescara and across to Monte Cassino.

There was lots of learning to do in the army. Languages and army training. I have sifted through over 7000 WW2 Anders Army photos looking for pictures of either Mark or Meitek. I think there is a man on this photo (left-red dot) that bears a striking resemblance to Mark!! In any case, the photos show the type of existence our boys were living at that time. The photos were all nice scenario's, sitting eating and drinking, parades and ceremonies. The reality is that there was also lots of fighting, destruction, devastation and blood and gore from torn apart bodies. 

A shipment of Army boots arrive
Strength training and fun sport
















Historical research: The big question: Was Mark apart of the battle for Monte Cassino of which there were 2 attacks by the Polish, the first  11-12 May 1944 and the 2nd and final  16-18 May 1944. Of course this was the big battle that the Poles were best known for. Quote: 'It was 5 Kresowa Infantry Division, 2nd Polish Corps who undertook the hardest task of the operation and who took the Monastery, high on the hill, from the Germans'. The Battle of MC is well documented. Over the four months, there were four costly assaults by the Allies with the intention of a breakthrough to Rome. Other nations were there before the Poles and did their bit in grinding the Germans down. The final battle involved other nations as well as the Poles but it was the Poles who finally took the Monastery from the Germans and triumphantly raised their flag. The Monastery was destroyed in the battle and it resulted in 55,000 Allied casualties and around 20,000 Germans killed and wounded. The difference in casualty rates is accounted for by the Germans having the high ground with good cover and the Allies being easy picking on their fight up the mountain. General Wladyslaw Anders, leader of the Polish troops, commenting on the cost of the battle said “Corpses of German and Polish Soldiers, sometimes entangled in a deathly embrace, lay everywhere, and the air was full of the stench of rotting bodies.”

Mark said that he told people he was at the MC battle as this was the battle they knew about. He was awarded the medal – Monte Cassino Cross number 35881 and was in Polish 11 Corps, 7 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment from 3/3/1943 to 6/6/1944. This regiment was listed as being at Monte Cassino and he was in this regiment at the time of the battle so this seems to be confirmation that he was there and he would receive a medal for this alone, regardless of whether or not he fought there. Col. Anders in his own words in his book - 'An army in exile', states that the Polish army had insufficient soldiers and they were relying on recruitment from those Polish soldiers that had been forced to join the German Army and who they expected to defect in favour of the Polish Army.  At Monte Cassino they had no men to spare for reserves.  This alone must suggest that Mark fought here. The MC Cross is a commemorative medal awarded to all soldiers of the Polish 2 Corps who fought in the battle of Monte Cassino and the battles of Piedimonte and Passo Corno, which also means that he may have fought in one of the other 2 nearby battles. I have spoken to someone else who’s father was in the same unit as Mark. He confirmed that his father definitely fought at Monte Cassino. We cannot categorically say whether nor not Mark fought at MC. There will probably be a battalion diary/log book somewhere, maybe in the Sikorski museum in London, that would clarify this. MORE RESEARCH.

Mark Gigiera - Monte Cassino Cross number 35881
He was in Polish 11 Corps,
 7 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment from 3/3/1943 to 6/6/1944.

(Jo writes) He was moved north and eventually went into action on the eastern side of the country, where there is no doubt, he enjoyed the danger.
The above sentence implies, by Jo, that he did not fight at MC which is on the west side of the country. We must draw our own conclusions from this.

Historical research: 

In July 1944, The Polish Corps began rolling again, capturing Numano on 5th July and Osini, only 10 miles south of Ancona, the following day. The Poles repulsed a counter attack by the mountain troops on 8th July (Mark seriously wounded on this date) and took Monte Palesco two days later.

Gen Anders words regarding the Battle of Loreto:  2/7/1944 "The objective was to take the dominating heights on the northern bank of the Musone river to create favourable conditions for the Battle of Ancona,  The fighting was very stubborn and objectives changed hands several times.  There were difficulties in bringing up supplies of ammunition, as great quantities were used and the distances from the supply depots were considerable."    The battle ended on 9 July.  After a fierce battle , Ancona was captured by the Carpathian Lancers on 18th July. The 3rd Carpathian Division secured the port and 2,500 prisoners. This was the only battle in the West that was exclusively carried out by the Polish military. The offensive cost the Poles 2,150 casualties. This included Mark who was wounded and his best friend who died.




Ancona WW2
War Cemetery at Loreto.
The war grave of Karol Zucharski, Marks best friend.
R.I.P.



For our freedom and yours
We soldiers of Poland
Gave
Our souls to God
Our life to the soil of Italy
Our hearts to Poland

At this time Mark had one good friend, Karol Zucharski. When not in action, they would go to local bars. One night Karol said, 'Lets go to town, I don't think I shall come back tomorrow, so I'll take my blankets and other things to give away. He did this. He was killed the next day -17/7/1944 killed in action. (The Battle of Ancona -16/6/44-18/7/44. The Polish objective was the capture of Ancona harbour). Karol’s name is on the war memorial at Loreto, where those who lost their lives in Ancona and the surrounding area, were buried. His name can be found on the war memorial web site. His unit is listed as: 5 Batalion, Ciezkich Karabinow Masynowych.

Take a moment to reflect:
Hats off to this brave soldier, Karol Zucharski
and all the others who lost their lives 
and those who were wounded in action.

There were many incidents as fighting was fierce, injuries to soldiers horrific and loss of life great. There are many stories and pictures in books and on the internet and we can only guess at how awful the fighting was. Mark talked of climbing a cliff whilst being shot at. This is a demonstration of how daily life on the battle fields would have been.

Mark was wounded at a place called Palazzo del Canonone, Ancona 8/7/1944. He was hit by shrapnel, hence his multiple injuries. He was left for dead, and lost a lot of blood. When he was finally rescued, he was not expected to live. He must have been given blood transfusions. The surgeon in the field was going to amputate his left arm where he had a severe wound; Mark couldn't speak, but he pleaded with his eyes. The surgeon patched up his arm. He had pieces of shrapnel embedded in his right hand between his thumb and forefinger, and in one other finger, some of his top teeth were blown out, and one of his bottom teeth. Shrapnel had gone through one cheek. There was a piece embedded between his eye and brain, that was never removed, but it caused damage to his eye that got worse over the years. There was a large but superficial wound at the base of his hairline, and numerous small wounds all over his body. The last piece to be removed was in the 1960's from the hinge of his jaw. It had moved round his head and settled in the jaw. He couldn't open his mouth. It was removed from the inside of his mouth and didn't leave a scar.

Reflect again here: Mark’s wounds were quite horrific, a part of his lower arm was shot away leaving a huge scar. Think about the bloody, messed up state he was in. It is miraculous that he survived – yet again!


Medical staff worked tirelessly for long hours.








Conflict of information: I acknowledge an obvious conflict of information here; Karol Zucharski was killed 17/7/1944 in action. The night before, the two of them went into town and gave his things away. However, according to war records, Mark was seriously wounded 8/7/1944 - before Karol was killed. Does this indicate that the records were not always up to date, which all things considered would be a difficult task in a fast moving environment or could it be that Karol was wounded and died later. It is devastating that one of these two best friends was killed and the other wounded in action, maybe whilst fighting alongside each other. Would it not be good to think that these 2 brave young men went out together that morning, brothers in arms, full of adrenaline, fighting for what they hoped would lead to a free Poland.
















Map from Pulk 4 Pancerny Regimental history.
Palazzo del Canonone is circled in red. It is north of the Musone River and just south of Offagna.  The 14th Wilenski Rifle Battalion assaulted this position.  Mark's No 2 MG Company was likely attached to this unit to provide direct fire support.


After battle report

A brief description of the capture of Palazzo del Canonone from TNA document WO/204/8042. 2 Polish Corps report of operations in the Adriatic sector. 1944 May - Sept.

The above document says:  starting at third paragraph:
5 Wilno BDE, which at this time was completing concs in area COLLE S HARTINO S 5924, began to take part in the ops.  On 4 Jul, the bns of this Bde were committed in succession into the gap between 6 LWOW BDE and 3 CARP DIV.  After much hy fighting, 15 Bn captured MONTROS S 530225 on 5 Jul and on 6 Jul, 14 Bn captured the very important feature PALAZZO del CANONE S 527338 on the NORTH side of river MUSONE.  Several strong enemy counter attacks against this high-ground were repulsed with hy enemy losses. (Disposition of our units on 6 Jul - see trace C. 7, War Diary for July).

In the concluding phases of the battle, POLCORPS was extended on a 30 km front, with the NEMBO Gp, from the Italian Corps, just completing its conc.  As further CORPS ops were NOT possible under these circumstances, owing to the lack of res, lack of arty emn, which was difficult to bring up, and because of the exposed LEFT flank of the CORPS, the CORPS Comd decided to stop the ops by units of POLCORPS until the time when res could be formed by bringing up for this  purpose the ITALIAN CORPS into area FILOTRA-NO which would have the task of coverine POLCORPS up against ANCONA, by holding the line of river MUSONE.  This decision closes the present period of fighting and opens a new chapter of preparations for the battle of ANCONA.

________________________

Whilst still in hospital, Mark's treatment was to remove the largest pieces of shrapnel, see to his arm and stabilize him. Then he was moved further back from the front. More shrapnel was removed then, and he was patched up. I don't know the time scale of any of this, but when he was well enough he came by sea on HMAS Oranje to Britain. (Must have been March 1944 or after-see below)

HMAS Oranje – hospital ship   

Hospital ward on board the Oranje
Historical research: Mark told us that he came to Britain on HMAS Oranje, (renamed the Angelina Lauro in 1964). The Oranje was offered to the Australian Government as a hospital ship in 1941. She was refitted in her home Port of Sydney and could carry 650 casualties. Under the Dutch flag, HMAS Orenje proceeded to Suez via Batavia and brought casualties back to Australia and New Zealand. She was kept busy in her humane role for the next few years. She went to and from the Middle East and visited South African ports as well. The ship came back to the UK in Jan 1944. She then made a series of Mediterranean voyages the first one arrived with wounded troops from Italy in March 1944 .
She travelled over 282,600 miles and carried 32,000 casualties. I have to date, been unable to find the passenger manifest. Its possible they do not exist.

(Jo writes:) I'm sure the ships went through the Suez Canal and round Africa to avoid Gibralta which was extremely dangerous. I don't know which port the ship arrived at, but the wounded were transported by train to hospitals in Scotland in easy stages. I know this from another angle. When I worked at the City General Hospital in Leicester (on the telephone switchboard), when I first married, there was an older women who, during the war had worked in hospital administration and one of her duties was to check wounded Poles passing through. They couldn't speak English, their names were difficult, Many were so ill they were really not fit to travel. Mark eventually got to Scotland where he gradually recovered. At some point he had complained to senior officers about treatment he received from other soldiers on account of being Ukrainian. He was offered the chance to go into the United States Army, but refused. I don't know why.

Dupplin Castle
Taymouth Castle







Whilst in hospital (10/10/1944 – war records state: No 2 Polish Hospital SEFA which was based at Dupplin Castle. This is a country house and former castle in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, situated to the west of Aberdalgie and northeast of Forteviot and Dunning. and about 40 miles from Arbroath. He also spent some time at No 1 Polish General Hospital. This was based at Taymouth Castle and situated to the north-east of the village of Kenmore, Perth and Kinross in the Highlands of Scotland, in an estate which encompasses 450 acres.

All the soldiers were visited by local people, and when they were well enough, were invited to their homes. He met nice people, and one women near Arbroath on the coast was extremely kind, but he seems to have dropped them without a thought of how they must have felt.
(Reflect on this: When you put this into the context of his life, you can see where he was coming from; Other than the first few years of his life with his mother, close relationships were few and far between and he had a very transient, nomadic life on which he had survived.)

War records show that Mark convalesced in Peebles. When in his 60's, he  made a trip there with Dorothy McNulty, his lady friend of later years and showed her the large house he stayed in.

Inveraray Castle
After his convalescence, probably in 1945 or 1946, he was sent to Inveraray Castle and was housed in nissen huts. During the war Inveraray Castle's prime purpose was to train army and navy service personnel in the use of minor landing craft for landing assault troops, supplies, ammunition and weaponry onto heavily defended enemy occupied beaches, with RAF support. Towards the end of the war when this was no longer required, its purpose changed  and it became a holding camp for Polish troops who had recovered from their wounds and were being housed there, prior to the Resettlement Corps being formed and   whilst the British decided what to do with them.

Mark would have been moved around as his care became less needy, consequently he was at several different places along the way.

I just want to put an anecdote in here; something I read: A lot of big houses were given over for war use. It was deemed that the aristocratic owners would prefer hospital use as opposed to convalescing soldiers as those incapable caused less damage than the recovered, boisterous and probably bored young soldiers who got into all sorts of mischief at the expense of their hosts.

As he got better, he started to explore (an old pattern, the nomad in him). His English was almost non-existent, but he got by. If he asked for a pass and travel warrant, it was always granted. He travelled up to the north of Scotland, where a guard tried to tell him the train didn't go any further, and to Gosport in Hampshire, and everywhere in between. He didn't do anything when he got anywhere, he just followed the pattern instilled in him and kept going. This was a man comfortable on long train journeys and to being on the move. Being in a carriage, on a seat would probably have been luxury as would having enough to eat.

20/2/1945 Declared completely unfit for military service. 23/10/1946 Volunteered to enlist in the Polish Resettlement Corps -PRC. The young men went into Resettlement Camps to keep them busy and out of trouble.
25/11/1947 Finally discharged.

MARK GIGIERA, my father, whom I am very proud of and who was one of so many hero's, fought in Italy in WW2 and was wounded in combat. For this he received the following war medals:

Polish: Honary Decoration for wounds
Cross of Monte Cassino
Army Medal
British: 1939-45 Star
Italy Star
Defence Medal
The War Medal 1939-45

Sadly these medals are no longer in the family.

Mark and Josephine's life together continues in Mark Gigiera and Josephine Folwell by Josephine Ellis (nee Folwell) 2008


I leave this, by saying there are some conflicts in the information, possibly
due to the record keeping of others during difficult times and the circumstances and the limitations within which they worked. Like the record keepers of the past, I too have tried to be accurate, but with no guarantees. There are things that could still be followed up. More information is being released and sharing is improving on the internet through specialist sites and through Facebook groups, e.g. lists of people sent to the Gulag camps. There is the possibility of finding out more in the future.
________________________________________________________________
MARKS JOURNEY FROM ZABLOCIE IN POLAND (NOW UKRAINE) 
TO NOTTINGHAM IN ENGLAND. 


1923      
Born and lived with his mother in Zablocie. Christened in Nudyze, Golowana, Luboml, Wolyn.

1940
Held in Kharkov prison, Ukraine, charged with being an enemy of the state.

Deported to Siberia to a goulag forestry work camp

Escaped – travelled by trains and walking towards Moscow, Kazahkstan

Uzbekistan-Samarkland & Tashkent-Mark heard about recruiting stations


1942
Joined Polish Army–crossed the Caspian Sea with many thousands of others

1942
Persia – (now called Iran) – Pahlevi,  Syria

1942
Palestine,   Jerusalem

1944
Italy – lands with the Polish army at Taranto. Monte Cassino, Ancona

Wounded-shipped via Sues Canal

1944-6
Lands England - transported to Scotland

Trained in shoe manufacture, worked in shoe industry in Leicester. 
Met his wife  Josephine Folwell then settled in Nottingham

________________________________________________________________
MARKS WAR RECORDS

















A  MYSTERY
Box 4. Parents. Stanislaw, Zofia
then in pencil - Zoc, Iryna.
Iryna was Marks mum and Zot was her husband, his step father.
Zofia Dudek pops up in Mieczyslaws war records. I do not know who she was.
Who is Stanislaw???


HISTORICAL INFORMATION

We might ask why so few people know the true story of how the Poles, Ukrainians and others were so badly treated, persecuted and killed by Stalin and his regime before and during WW2.

The Holocaust-the systematic persecution and massacre of the Jews by Hitler during WW2, has been so well documented and taught in schools and there are memorials all over the world. This is largely down to the Jews who have told their story and who make sure that the world does not forget.

Not many people can cite the Holodomor unless they have made a study of Eastern European history at that time. The Holodomor was a man made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 (about the time when Mark would have been 10 years old). It was the mass starvation by Stalin who took the crops to feed Russia. The debate goes on as to whether this was genocide as the Russians would say that their own people were also starving at this time and they were simply sharing out the food. However, Stalin left literally nothing for the Ukrainians to eat.

This was followed with the mass deportation of thousands of Poles in 1940 at the start of WW2, largely from the Kresy region of Eastern Poland (now Western Ukraine, due to border changes) where Mark and his brother Mietek came from and who were victims of this. The Poles and other minorities in the region were treated as a sub human  by the Russians who wanted to take Poland. They simply removed  people from their homes with 20 minutes notice to pack and go for a variety of reason, e.g. intelligentsia, owning some land, being an important community person-teacher, police man, head of council and many others.  Many hundreds of thousands were sent to the Gulag work camps in Siberia, to low populated regions requiring man power to undertake the many hard labour tasks such as building ports, roads, rail lines and in the case of Mark, forestry work in the north between Archangel and the Ural Mountain Range. They were given very little food-watery soup and dried bread and literally worked to death. Many thousands died there of starvation, disease, injury etc and all would have died there had it not been for Hitler invading Russia of which the consequence was Stalin changing sides and joining the allies and then under duress, releasing many (but not all) men and their families to join the Polish army.

In the case of the Holodomor, I suppose the Ukraine’s, unlike the Jews have not, themselves shouted about it. They were probably too busy recovering to think about retribution and they most likely did not have the strength to raise the issue against Russia, whereas the Jews were shouting of their plight against the defeated nation of Germany.

In the case of the mass deportation to the Siberian Gulag work camps, it was largely pushed under the carpet. Towards the end of the war, from February 4th to the 11th 1945, the 3 major politicians, Winston Churchill, Franklin D Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin met near Yelta in Crimea, Soviet Union for the purpose of discussing Germany and Europe’s postwar reorganisation. Reluctantly, Roosevelt and Churchill relinquished that part of Poland-The Kresy to Stalin and Russia, thus carving up the country. This area had belonged to those taken by Stalin’s regime to the gulag work camps and who were then released to form the Polish Army and to fight in Italy with the promise that they were fighting for a free Poland and a home to return to. This of course they never got and some that did return home after the war were returned to the gulags.

After the war the soldiers were discouraged from talking of it and even though they had fought valiantly under the British Army they were not even invited to the British victory parade, still a sore point today!! Some argue that this was a administrative error. In Poland the years of the war had been difficult for everyone. To start with it was the officials, officers, land owners, wealthy peasants, people of importance, criminals and enemy’s of the state who were sent to the goulags. In the end it was just anyone, and you could be accused of being an enemy of the state as we believe Mark was and possibly Mietek too, for almost anything. One lady told a political joke and was sent to the goulags. Everyone was suspicious of one another. Stalin had deliberately cultured this and neighbours, even family reported one another and in some cases were rewarded with a share of the deportees property. After the war was over, there was so much bitterness and it was not easy to talk of, so it was pushed under the carpet by all and not spoken of. The people needed to get on and move on. There lies the reason why no one knows of it. I believe that what these people, including Mark and Mietek and our Polish ancestors went through at the hands of Stalin was every bit as traumatic and tragic as the persecution of the Jews at the hands of Hitler and maybe letting it pass as history and getting on with life and rebuilding was a better option than harbouring bitterness through the generations.  However, having been to Ukraine, I believe there are still things that are not spoken of today and the youngsters do not know their own history.

Whilst we relegate our own sad family story to history, spare a thought for the nations suffering such persecution today and say thanks that we now live in a democratic country.

To a large degree Mark’s story is tragic and desperate and demonstrates his ability to survive in extreme conditions. If questioned as to whether he had a good contented life, I think I would answer ‘no’ and that this was a man who struggled through life and hopefully found happiness in the end. It is not a unique story. It is the story of many Eastern Europeans and of refugees today.

________________________________________________________________________________
There is a very good 5 part documentary called ‘A forgotten odyssey’ in English, on You Tube about the Polish deportation to Siberia, their slavery, the Russian amnesty where some of them are released to join the Polish army, travelling to Persia and dispersed around the world and the soldiers fighting in Italy and then coming to England or returning to Poland. This is also the story of Mietek and Mark and is well worth watching.